Geometrical layout of a point source acquisition by a gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole collimator d is the diameter of the holes of the collimator and t is the. Gamma rays are produced in the disintegration of radioactive atomic nuclei and in the decay of certain subatomic particles. Medical physics this teaching guide provides background material for teachers preparing students for the medical physics option of our alevel physics specification 7408. Define direction of incoming gamma rays entering crystal c. Cameras use physics in ways that run the gamut from mundane to esoteric. Physics revision gcse and a level physics revision. This physics textbook is designed to support my personal teaching activities at duke university, in particular teaching its physics 141142, 151152, or 161162 series introductory physics for. Basic principles of gamma camera imaging and quality control. Alpha and beta decay can produce a daughter nucleus in an excited state. The camera, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. Have you ever wondered how a camera is able to focus in order to take photographs. The gamma camera the gamma camera detects gamma photons that have been emitted by a source inside the patients body. Radionuclide imaging is the most important application of radioactivity in nuclear medicine. The most commonly used tracer is technetium99m, a metastable nuclear isomer chosen for its relatively long halflife of six hours and its ability to be.
Pdf basic principles of scintillation detectors and. National research nuclear university mephi moscow engineering physics. Therefore, modern gamma cameras for medical imaging aim to provide sub millimetric. The commonly accepted definitions of the gammaray and xray.
Hybrid gamma camera imaging nottingham eprints university of. It is well known that resolution on a gamma camera varies as a function of distance, scatter and the cameras characteristics collimator type, crystal. Ocr a2 physics course revision with example exam questions. Eanm physics committee, routine quality control recommendations for nuclear medicine instrumentation, eur j nucl med mol imaging, 37 2010 662. Course syllabus offered by department of physics with effect from semester a 201819 part i course overview.
Characterization of the count rate performance of modern. High density devices applied to a gammacamera implementation. Beta decay a2levellevelrevision, physics, particles. Evaluation of count rate performance crp is an integral component of gamma camera quality assurance and system deadtime. Planar scintigraphy used in nuclear medicine imaging emission imaging radioactive. Below you will find our collection of revision notes and video tutorials. Maths tuition for every a level and international a levelcieedexcel module core c1c2c3c4, mechanics m1m2m3m4m5m6, statistics s1s2s3s4s5s6, further pure. Imaging and detectors for medical physics lecture 5. Such assessment of radionuclide distribution is performed by gamma cameras that primarily comprise naitl detectors and the associated electronics described in the previous chapter. A block of lead with ten of thousands vertical holes, the. As and alevel physics medical physics teaching guide.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Twophoton physics, also called gammagamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Xrays are primarily used to view bones as they absorb more xray intensity than flesh and muscle collimated xrays are passed through the patient onto an xray film. Assign topic jan 6 mb 1 intro to radiot herapy radiotherapy workflow jan 9. The gammacamera is the detector for nuclear medical imaging where the photomultiplier tubes.
Analytical and experimental fwhm of a gamma camera. Gamma rays are high energy, short wavelength photons of electromagnetic radiation. City university of hong kong course syllabus offered by. A1,a2,a3 are coefficients that depend only on the shape of the pulse. The daughter nucleus can decay by emitting a gamma ray i. If a gamma photon scatters within the patients body via compton scatter it will change direction and, therefore, will not hit the detector at a location corresponding to its location of origin. Physics 432, medical physics syllabus winter 20162017. Physics revision site recommended to teachers as a resource by aqa, ocr and edexcel examination boards also recommended by bbc bytesize winner of the iop web awards. Medical physics department, nottingham university hospitals nuh nhs. The most commonly used tracer is technetium99m, a metastable nuclear isomer chosen for its relatively long halflife of six hours and its ability to be incorporated into a variety of molecules in order to target different systems within the body. Nuclear medicine physics a handbook for teachers and students.
An a level video detailing the use and function of the gamma camera for medical imaging of radio tracers. Ocr alevel physicsfields, particles and frontiers of. Pdf the development of radiation detectors capable of delivering spatial. Xrays very high energy electromagnetic waves can be. Gamma camera 4quadrant bar phantom c olimat r extrinsic spatial resolution measurement with 4quad bar pattern planar flood source 10 mci 99mtc or 57co point sources isotope in 0. Examples of exam questions at physics a2 level for thermal physics covering edexcel, aqa and ocr material. Gamma cameras image the radiation from a tracer introduced into the patients body. Acceptance testing and annual physics survey recommendations for gamma camera, spect, and spectct systems the report of aapm task group 177 james r. Development and application of a small gamma camera. Acraapm technical standard for nuclear medical physics performance monitoring of gamma cameras preamble this document is an educational tool designed to assist practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for patients. Physics 432, medical physics syllabus winter 20162017 location. Radioactivity, nuclear physics from alevel physics tutor.
Aqa gcse physics p7 radioactivity kerboodle answers. Physics in nuclear medicine university of michigan. Gamma camera 9mt cp oint s ur e 4 0 8 uci 4quad phantom 4quadrant bar phantom replaces the collimator the image is the shadow of the lead bars on the crystal. Basic principles of scintillation detectors and gamma camera article pdf available in serbian journal of experimental and clinical research 112. For the best revision experience, use both the notes and the videos at the same time to help you follow along. Planar scintigraphy used in nuclear medicine imaging emission imaging radioactive source inside patients body in both spect and planar scintigraphy radiation source used mainly 99 a 140 kev rays hence the name gamma camera. Slides to iaea nuclear medicine physics handbook iaea human. A level medical physics nuclear medicine and tracers. Development and application of a small gamma camera kenneth l. The gamma camera has thus become the most widely used nuclearimaging instrument for clinical applications. Printed in the uk a technique for simulation of the point spread function of a gamma camera j s fleming. Types of radiation halflife introduction gamma cameras image the radiation from a tracer introduced into the patients body. Electricity, magnetism and optics department of physics.
A video lesson on the basic workings of the x ray tube. The essential physics of medical imaging, jt bushberg, ja seibert, em leidholdt jr, jm boone, 3rd edition, 2012, 680681. Propagation of gammarays extragalactic background light tev gammas are partially absorbed on the way to the earth. Atomic physics video 1 on atomic physics which sets out the four quantum. High density devices applied to a gammacamera implementation 33 in order to calculate the energy resolution, fi rst a histogram of the emission spectrum of 7 c s w a s o b t a i n e d a s.
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