The gamma camera has thus become the most widely used nuclearimaging instrument for clinical applications. This interaction causes a quark in the neutron to change from down, d, to up, u, in the proton and emits a w particle which then decays into an electron. Ocr alevel physicsfields, particles and frontiers of. Development and application of a small gamma camera. Pdf the development of radiation detectors capable of delivering spatial. As and alevel physics medical physics teaching guide. Electricity, magnetism and optics department of physics. Physics revision gcse and a level physics revision. A1,a2,a3 are coefficients that depend only on the shape of the pulse. This section provides knowledge and understanding of xrays, cat scans, pet scans and ultrasound scans. A block of lead with ten of thousands vertical holes, the. Pdf basic principles of scintillation detectors and. Physics 432, medical physics syllabus winter 20162017 location.
City university of hong kong course syllabus offered by. Gamma camera 9mt cp oint s ur e 4 0 8 uci 4quad phantom 4quadrant bar phantom replaces the collimator the image is the shadow of the lead bars on the crystal. Physics 432, medical physics syllabus winter 20162017. Such assessment of radionuclide distribution is performed by gamma cameras that primarily comprise naitl detectors and the associated electronics described in the previous chapter. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Gamma cameras image the radiation from a tracer introduced into the patients body.
The most commonly used tracer is technetium99m, a metastable nuclear isomer chosen for its relatively long halflife of six hours and its ability to be. Propagation of gammarays extragalactic background light tev gammas are partially absorbed on the way to the earth. Gamma rays are high energy, short wavelength photons of electromagnetic radiation. Medical physics department, nottingham university hospitals nuh nhs. Characterization of the count rate performance of modern. Radioactivity, nuclear physics from alevel physics tutor. Physics revision site winner of the iop web awards 2010 cyberphysics a physics revision aide for students at ks3 sats, ks4 gcse and ks5 a and as level. Analytical and experimental fwhm of a gamma camera.
Beta decay a2levellevelrevision, physics, particles. Types of radiation halflife introduction gamma cameras image the radiation from a tracer introduced into the patients body. Twophoton physics, also called gammagamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Physics revision site recommended to teachers as a resource by aqa, ocr and edexcel examination boards also recommended by bbc bytesize winner of the iop web awards. Hybrid gamma camera imaging nottingham eprints university of. The gamma camera is an imaging technique used to carry out functional scans of the brain, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys and skeleton. The essential physics of medical imaging, jt bushberg, ja seibert, em leidholdt jr, jm boone, 3rd edition, 2012, 680681. An a level video detailing the use and function of the gamma camera for medical imaging of radio tracers. Therefore, modern gamma cameras for medical imaging aim to provide sub millimetric.
Gamma rays are emitted because the atom is usually in a high energy state after emission of alpha or. Practice parameters and technical standards are not inflexible rules or requirements of practice and are. Maths tuition for every a level and international a levelcieedexcel module core c1c2c3c4, mechanics m1m2m3m4m5m6, statistics s1s2s3s4s5s6, further pure. Alpha and beta decay can produce a daughter nucleus in an excited state. Xrays very high energy electromagnetic waves can be. Nuclear medicine physics a handbook for teachers and students. Aqa gcse physics p7 radioactivity kerboodle answers. The most commonly used tracer is technetium99m, a metastable nuclear isomer chosen for its relatively long halflife of six hours and its ability to be incorporated into a variety of molecules in order to target different systems within the body.
Ocr a2 physics course revision with example exam questions. Cameras use physics in ways that run the gamut from mundane to esoteric. High density devices applied to a gammacamera implementation. A detector such as geiger counter,gamma camera, camera etc then measures the count rate at the part of the body concerned. Assign topic jan 6 mb 1 intro to radiot herapy radiotherapy workflow jan 9. Have you ever wondered how a camera is able to focus in order to take photographs. Planar scintigraphy used in nuclear medicine imaging emission imaging radioactive. Below you will find our collection of revision notes and video tutorials. Define direction of incoming gamma rays entering crystal c. Development and application of a small gamma camera kenneth l. A level medical physics x rays the x ray tube youtube. Geometrical layout of a point source acquisition by a gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole collimator d is the diameter of the holes of the collimator and t is the. Gamma camera imaging of quality assurance in radioactive.
Medical physics this teaching guide provides background material for teachers preparing students for the medical physics option of our alevel physics specification 7408. The gammacamera is the detector for nuclear medical imaging where the photomultiplier tubes. National research nuclear university mephi moscow engineering physics. Imaging and detectors for medical physics lecture 5. Planar scintigraphy used in nuclear medicine imaging emission imaging radioactive source inside patients body in both spect and planar scintigraphy radiation source used mainly 99 a 140 kev rays hence the name gamma camera. It is well known that resolution on a gamma camera varies as a function of distance, scatter and the cameras characteristics collimator type, crystal. The daughter nucleus can decay by emitting a gamma ray i. If a gamma photon scatters within the patients body via compton scatter it will change direction and, therefore, will not hit the detector at a location corresponding to its location of origin. Evaluation of count rate performance crp is an integral component of gamma camera quality assurance and system deadtime. Acceptance testing and annual physics survey recommendations for gamma camera, spect, and spectct systems the report of aapm task group 177 james r. Acraapm technical standard for nuclear medical physics performance monitoring of gamma cameras preamble this document is an educational tool designed to assist practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for patients. The camera, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor. For the best revision experience, use both the notes and the videos at the same time to help you follow along.
The commonly accepted definitions of the gammaray and xray. Physics in nuclear medicine university of michigan. The gamma camera the gamma camera detects gamma photons that have been emitted by a source inside the patients body. Slides to iaea nuclear medicine physics handbook iaea human. Examples of exam questions at physics a2 level for thermal physics covering edexcel, aqa and ocr material. High density devices applied to a gammacamera implementation 33 in order to calculate the energy resolution, fi rst a histogram of the emission spectrum of 7 c s w a s o b t a i n e d a s. Basic principles of scintillation detectors and gamma camera article pdf available in serbian journal of experimental and clinical research 112. Radionuclide imaging is the most important application of radioactivity in nuclear medicine. Eanm physics committee, routine quality control recommendations for nuclear medicine instrumentation, eur j nucl med mol imaging, 37 2010 662. Basic principles of gamma camera imaging and quality control. Gamma camera 4quadrant bar phantom c olimat r extrinsic spatial resolution measurement with 4quad bar pattern planar flood source 10 mci 99mtc or 57co point sources isotope in 0. Course syllabus offered by department of physics with effect from semester a 201819 part i course overview.
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